However, many people infected with poliovirus have no symptoms and may not even know they are affected. The poliovirus is spread when food, water or hands that are contaminated with the faeces poo or the throat or nasal secretions of an infected person enter the mouth of an uninfected person.
A person may develop symptoms within 3 to 21 days of coming into contact with the virus and will be most infectious 7 to 10 days before and after the beginning of symptoms. People remain infectious for as long as the virus continues to be excreted in their faeces poo , which may continue for up to 6 weeks. Typically, the virus remains in the throat for 1 to 2 weeks. People who are particularly at risk of infection include:. This is especially the case in parts of the world where sanitation is poor and immunisation programs are not widespread.
There is no cure for polio. Treatment aims to manage the effects of the disease. Supportive treatment options include:. Anyone with a history of polio may develop LEoP, although not everyone does. People who were severely paralysed by polio are more commonly affected. It is a diagnosable condition, however there is no test that will definitely show that you have it. PPS is diagnosed on the basis of:. The late effects of polio are not caused by re-infection with the poliovirus, but by a range of factors related to the original polio infection.
For example:. While this can occur at any time, it is believed that it may be triggered by a period of inactivity, trauma, surgery or by inflammation. When undergoing surgery, people should ensure that all treating clinicians are aware of their polio history.
The onset of LEoP can cause many people to feel emotional about past polio experiences. Joining a support group may help. Health professionals such as social workers, psychologists or occupational therapists can help you manage any concerns you have due to increased or changing needs brought on by LEoP.
Read more and watch videos about the late effects of polio on the Polio Australia website. This page has been produced in consultation with and approved by:. Anthrax is a rare but potentially fatal bacterial disease that occasionally infects humans.
The Western obsession with cleanliness may be partly responsible for the increase in allergic asthma and conditions such as rhinitis. Careful prescribing of antibiotics will minimise the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria. The disease is now rare in the U. However, polio still exists in a few countries.
People who have not been vaccinated can get it while traveling to a region where the disease still happens. Polio is spread through the feces or mucus of people infected with the virus. In about 1 in cases, people who have polio become paralyzed. The paralysis usually affects the legs, and it is permanent. Polio usually affects children under age 5. The disease is more common in the summer and the fall.
A healthcare provider may diagnose polio by checking your stool or throat for poliovirus. He or she may also want to do a spinal tap also called a lumbar puncture to get a sample of your spinal fluid to examine. Polio cannot be cured. Healthcare providers focus on treating symptoms. They may also provide medicine, including pain medicine, and suggest bed rest. Some people with polio can't breathe on their own will need a machine called a ventilator to help them breathe.
Many people who have had polio develop a condition called post-polio syndrome decades later. Symptoms can include new muscle weakness and fatigue.
However, certain group A and B coxsackieviruses especially A7 , several echoviruses, and enterovirus 71 may produce similar findings. Also, cases of focal limb weakness or paralysis have been identified after infection with enterovirus D68 Enterovirus D68 Enteroviruses, along with rhinoviruses see Common Cold and human parechoviruses, are a genus of picornaviruses pico, or small, RNA viruses.
Most patients have mild or no symptoms. About 1 out of patients develop a severe infection Cause is thought Epidemiologic clues eg, immunization history, recent travel, age, season can help suggest the cause.
Because identification of poliovirus or another enterovirus as the cause of acute flaccid paralysis is important for public health reasons, viral culture of throat swabs, stool, and cerebrospinal fluid and reverse transcriptase—polymerase chain reaction of cerebrospinal fluid and blood should be done in all cases. Specific serologic testing for polioviruses, other enteroviruses, and West Nile virus should also be done.
In paralytic poliomyelitis, about two thirds of patients have residual permanent weakness. Bulbar paralysis is more likely to resolve than peripheral paralysis. Standard treatment of poliomyelitis is supportive and includes rest, analgesics, and antipyretics as needed. Specific antiviral therapy is not available. During active myelitis, precautions to avoid complications of bed rest eg, deep venous thrombosis, atelectasis, urinary tract infection and prolonged immobility eg, contractures may be necessary.
Respiratory failure may require mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilation or bulbar paralysis requires intensive pulmonary toilet measures. All infants and children should be immunized with poliomyelitis vaccine Poliomyelitis Vaccine Extensive vaccination has almost eradicated polio worldwide.
But cases still occur in areas with incomplete immunization, such as sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia. There are 3 serotypes The attenuated virus in OPV replicates in the intestines of recipients and is transiently excreted in feces and thus is capable of fecal-oral spread to other individuals, potentially immunizing some who had not directly received the vaccine.
However, such passage through multiple individuals can lead to mutations of the vaccine virus, very rarely to a strain vaccine-derived poliovirus that can cause paralytic poliomyelitis, which results in about 1 case per 2,, OPV doses.
This mutation usually occurs in the type 2 poliovirus component of the vaccine. Also, poliovirus type 2 was removed from OPV in because of outbreaks resulting from genetically divergent circulating vaccine-derived virus despite official eradication of wild-type poliovirus type 2.
Serious adverse effects have not been associated with IPV. Adults are not routinely vaccinated. Nonimmunized adults traveling to endemic or epidemic areas should receive primary vaccination with IPV, including 2 doses given 4 to 8 weeks apart and a 3rd dose given 6 to 12 months later. At least 1 dose is given before travel. Immunized adults traveling to endemic or epidemic areas should be given 1 dose of IPV. It may also be isolated from pharyngeal swabs. Isolation is less likely from blood or CSF.
To increase the probability of isolating poliovirus, collect at least two stool specimens 24 hours apart from patients with suspected poliomyelitis. These should be collected as early in the course of disease as possible ideally within 14 days after onset. Partial genome sequencing is used to confirm the poliovirus genotype and determine its likely geographic origin.
Serology may be helpful in supporting the diagnosis of paralytic poliomyelitis, particularly if a patient is known or suspected to not be vaccinated. An acute serum specimen should be obtained as early in the course of disease as possible, and a convalescent specimen should be obtained at least 3 weeks later.
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